The Components of Congestion: Delay from Incidents, Special Events, Lane Closures, Weather, Potential Ramp Metering Gain, and Excess Demand

A method is presented to divide the total congestion delay in a freeway section into six components: the delay caused by incidents, special events, lane closures, and adverse weather; the potential reduction in delay at bottlenecks that ideal ramp metering can achieve; and the remaining delay, due mainly to excess demand. The fully automated method involves two steps. First, the components of non-recurrent congestion are estimated by statistical regression. Second, the method locates all bottlenecks and estimates the potential reduction in delay that ideal ramp metering can achieve. The method can be applied to any site with minimum calibration. It requires data about traffic volume and speed; the time and location of incidents, special events and lane closures; and adverse weather. Applied to a 45-mile section of I-880 in the San Francisco Bay Area, the method reveals that incidents, special events, rain, potential reduction by ideal ramp metering, and excess demand respectively account for 13.3%, 4.5%, 1.6% 33.2% and 47.4% of the total daily delay. The delay distribution of the various components is different between the AM and PM peak periods and between the two freeway directions. Quantifying the components of congestion at individual freeway sites is essential in developing effective congestion mitigation strategies.